A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. One Dollar condition. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. & JANIS, I.L. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. 0000010779 00000 n hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS /T 679093 <> An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. 112 He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. 0 This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. Which of the following statements is TRUE? These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. 48 0 obj When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. There is another possible way, however. Description of Study test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. This is most like which of the following techniques? }. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. Cognitive Dissonance Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. /H [ 658 210 ] Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. Classics in the History of Psychology -- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. 0000000974 00000 n Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Scott, W. A. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. (p.47). << Let us review these briefly: 1. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. /Linearized 1.0 In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. (p.3). Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Vince's behavior is an example of. Social Researcher. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. 2. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. 0000013918 00000 n This is an example of_______ cause. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). %PDF-1.5 /Root 48 0 R Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. /O 49 Harry's belief is based on. xref You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. 0000000658 00000 n This is. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. Discourage questions and alternate solutions. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? Her improved performance is an example of. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______.
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